Toxocariasis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

What are the symptoms of toxocariasis?

Toxocariasis is an infection caused by the larvae of the roundworms Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati, typically contracted through exposure to contaminated soil or by ingesting eggs from infected animals. The symptoms can vary depending on the type of infection and the organs affected:

• Visceral Toxocariasis:
• Fever
• Abdominal pain
• Cough
• Asthma-like symptoms
• Fatigue
• Liver enlargement (hepatomegaly)
• Lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes)
• Ocular Toxocariasis:
• Eye pain
• Vision changes (e.g., blurred vision)
• Redness or inflammation in the eye
• Sensitivity to light
• Loss of vision or visual impairment
• Retinal damage or lesions
• Neurological Toxocariasis:
• Headaches
• Seizures
• Behavioral changes
• Cognitive difficulties

In many cases, individuals with toxocariasis may not exhibit symptoms, or symptoms may be mild. The severity of symptoms can depend on the number of larvae and the organs they affect.

What are the causes of toxocariasis?

Toxocariasis is caused by the larvae of the roundworms Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati. These parasites are typically found in the intestines of dogs (T. canis) or cats (T. cati). The infection is acquired when a person ingests eggs from the environment that have been contaminated with these larvae. Here are the main causes:

1. Contact with Contaminated Soil: Eggs of Toxocara worms can be present in soil that has been contaminated with the feces of infected dogs or cats. Playing in or coming into contact with such soil can lead to infection.
2. Ingesting Contaminated Food or Water: Consuming food or water that has been contaminated with Toxocara eggs can also cause infection.
3. Exposure to Infected Animals: Direct contact with dogs or cats that have Toxocara larvae in their feces can result in transmission. This includes petting or handling infected animals and not washing hands afterward.
4. Improper Hygiene: Not washing hands thoroughly after handling soil, pets, or their waste can facilitate the spread of the parasite.

The larvae from the ingested eggs migrate through various organs in the body, causing symptoms based on the affected organs.

What is the treatment for toxocariasis?

The treatment for toxocariasis typically involves antiparasitic medications and supportive care. The specific treatment approach can vary based on the severity and type of symptoms present. Here’s a general overview:

1. Antiparasitic Medications: The primary treatment for toxocariasis involves antiparasitic drugs. Albendazole or mebendazole are commonly used to eliminate the parasites. These medications help to kill the larvae and clear the infection.
2. Corticosteroids: In cases where there is significant inflammation or if the patient is experiencing severe symptoms, corticosteroids such as prednisone may be prescribed to reduce inflammation and manage symptoms.
3. Symptomatic Treatment: For managing specific symptoms (e.g., cough, abdominal pain), supportive treatments like pain relievers or cough suppressants may be used.
4. Regular Monitoring: Follow-up with a healthcare provider is important to monitor the response to treatment and ensure that the infection is resolving. In some cases, additional courses of medication may be needed.
5. Hygiene and Prevention: Improving hygiene practices and avoiding contact with contaminated soil or animal feces can help prevent re-infection and spread.

If you suspect toxocariasis, it’s important to consult a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan.