Scurvy: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

What are the symptoms of scurvy?

Scurvy is a condition caused by a deficiency of vitamin C (ascorbic acid). The symptoms of scurvy can be quite severe and include:

• Fatigue and Weakness: General feelings of tiredness and decreased strength.
• Swollen Gums and Bleeding Gums: The gums may become swollen, inflamed, and bleed easily. This is often one of the first noticeable signs.
• Skin Changes: Skin may develop reddish or purple spots (petechiae) and bruising. It may also become rough and dry.
• Joint Pain and Muscle Pain: Pain and swelling in the joints and muscles can occur.
• Poor Wound Healing: Cuts and wounds may heal slowly or not at all.
• Anemia: A decrease in red blood cells, leading to symptoms such as pale skin and shortness of breath.
• Dental Issues: Loss of teeth due to gum disease and infection.
• Depression and Irritability: Mood changes, including irritability and depression, can occur.
• Swollen and Painful Legs: Swelling and pain in the legs, often described as “swollen legs” or “bent legs.”
• Fever and Infections: Increased susceptibility to infections and fever may occur due to the weakened immune system.

Scurvy develops over a period of months in individuals who have a very low intake of vitamin C. Prompt treatment with vitamin C supplements or dietary changes, such as increasing intake of fruits and vegetables rich in vitamin C, usually leads to a rapid improvement in symptoms.

What are the causes of scurvy?

Scurvy is caused by a deficiency of vitamin C (ascorbic acid). This deficiency can result from various factors:

• Inadequate Dietary Intake: The most common cause of scurvy is not consuming enough foods rich in vitamin C, such as fruits (especially citrus fruits like oranges and lemons) and vegetables (such as bell peppers, broccoli, and tomatoes).
• Malabsorption: Conditions that impair the absorption of nutrients in the digestive tract, such as Crohn’s disease or celiac disease, can lead to vitamin C deficiency.
• Certain Medical Conditions: Some chronic illnesses and conditions can affect nutrient absorption or increase the body’s need for vitamin C, leading to a deficiency if the increased needs are not met.
• Poor Dietary Choices: Diets that rely heavily on processed foods and lack fresh fruits and vegetables can lead to insufficient vitamin C intake.
• Increased Requirements: Pregnancy, breastfeeding, and recovery from illness or surgery can increase the body’s need for vitamin C. If these needs are not met, deficiency can occur.
• Limited Access to Fresh Foods: In situations where access to fresh produce is limited, such as in some remote areas or during economic hardship, vitamin C deficiency can become more common.
• Alcoholism: Excessive alcohol consumption can interfere with the absorption and metabolism of vitamin C, leading to deficiency.
• Smoking: Smoking increases the need for vitamin C and can impair its absorption, contributing to deficiency.

Addressing the underlying cause and increasing vitamin C intake through diet or supplements typically resolves scurvy.

What is the treatment for scurvy?

The treatment for scurvy primarily involves replenishing vitamin C levels in the body. Here’s how it’s typically managed:

• Vitamin C Supplementation: The immediate and most effective treatment is to start vitamin C supplements. The typical dosage is 500 mg to 1,000 mg of vitamin C per day. The dose can be adjusted based on the severity of the deficiency and the individual’s response.
• Dietary Changes: Increasing the intake of vitamin C-rich foods is essential. Foods such as citrus fruits (oranges, lemons, grapefruits), strawberries, kiwi, bell peppers, broccoli, and tomatoes should be incorporated into the diet.
• Improving Nutritional Intake: For individuals with poor dietary habits or restricted access to fresh produce, a comprehensive dietary plan that includes a variety of fruits and vegetables is recommended.
• Addressing Underlying Conditions: If scurvy is due to an underlying condition that affects vitamin C absorption, such as Crohn’s disease or celiac disease, managing that condition is also crucial.
• Supportive Care: In severe cases, where symptoms are significant, additional supportive care may be necessary, including pain management, wound care, and treatment for any infections or complications.
• Monitoring and Follow-Up: Regular follow-up with a healthcare provider to monitor recovery and ensure that vitamin C levels are normalizing is important.

Symptoms of scurvy typically begin to improve within a few days of starting treatment, and complete recovery can be seen within a few weeks with proper vitamin C intake.