Epidermal Inclusion Cyst: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

What are the symptoms of an epidermal inclusion cyst?

Epidermal inclusion cysts, also known as epidermoid cysts, are non-cancerous lumps that often appear on the skin. They can vary in size and may develop on any part of the body. Symptoms of an epidermal inclusion cyst may include:

1. Visible Lump: A round, dome-shaped bump that is often white or yellowish in color. The lump may be small or grow larger over time.
2. Smooth Texture: The skin over the cyst is usually smooth and may be slightly translucent.
3. Painless: Epidermal inclusion cysts are typically painless, but they can become tender or painful if they become infected.
4. Mobility: The cysts are usually movable under the skin, and they may change in size.
5. Rupture: If the cyst ruptures, a discharge of thick, yellow, foul-smelling material may occur. This can lead to redness, swelling, and pain in the area.
6. Infection: If the cyst becomes infected, it may become red, swollen, and tender. There may be pus or blood draining from the cyst, and the area may feel warm to the touch.
7. Inflammation: In some cases, the surrounding skin may become inflamed, leading to redness and increased sensitivity.

It’s important to note that while epidermal inclusion cysts are usually harmless, they can sometimes become infected or inflamed, causing pain and discomfort. If you have a cyst that is causing symptoms, it’s best to see a healthcare provider for evaluation and treatment.

What are the causes of an epidermal inclusion cyst?

Epidermal inclusion cysts, also known as epidermoid cysts, form when the surface layer of skin (epidermis) grows into the deeper layer of skin (dermis) and forms a sac. The sac is filled with keratin, a protein that is typically found in skin cells, hair, and nails. Several factors can contribute to the development of an epidermal inclusion cyst:

1. Hair Follicle Blockage: A common cause of epidermal cysts is when a hair follicle becomes blocked. This blockage can occur due to factors such as trauma, skin conditions, or excess production of oil (sebum).
2. Trauma: Trauma to the skin, such as a cut, puncture, or surgical incision, can sometimes lead to the development of an epidermal inclusion cyst.
3. Congenital Factors: Some epidermal cysts may develop due to congenital factors, such as abnormalities in the development of hair follicles or skin glands.
4. Skin Conditions: Certain skin conditions, such as acne or folliculitis (inflammation of hair follicles), can increase the likelihood of developing an epidermal inclusion cyst.
5. Genetics: There may be a genetic predisposition to developing epidermal inclusion cysts, although specific genetic factors are not well understood.
6. Sun Exposure: Prolonged exposure to the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) rays may play a role in the development of epidermal cysts in some cases.
7. Hormonal Factors: Changes in hormone levels, such as during puberty or pregnancy, may contribute to the development of epidermal inclusion cysts.

While these factors can increase the risk of developing an epidermal inclusion cyst, the exact cause may vary depending on individual circumstances. These cysts are generally harmless, but they can become problematic if they become infected or inflamed. If you have concerns about a cyst or any skin abnormalities, it’s best to consult with a healthcare provider for proper evaluation and management.

How is an epidermal inclusion cyst diagnosed?

An epidermal inclusion cyst is often diagnosed based on its appearance and location on the skin. Your healthcare provider may perform a physical examination and ask about your medical history to determine if the lump is likely to be a cyst. In some cases, imaging tests or other procedures may be done to confirm the diagnosis or rule out other conditions. Here are common methods used for diagnosing an epidermal inclusion cyst:

1. Physical Examination: Your healthcare provider will examine the cyst, noting its size, shape, color, and location. They may also gently palpate the cyst to assess its texture and mobility under the skin.
2. Medical History: Your healthcare provider may ask about your symptoms, any changes in the cyst, and any history of skin conditions or trauma to the area.
3. Imaging Tests: In some cases, imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI may be ordered to get a better view of the cyst and its relationship to surrounding structures. These tests can help confirm the diagnosis and rule out other conditions.
4. Biopsy: In rare cases where the diagnosis is uncertain or if there is concern about the possibility of skin cancer, a biopsy may be performed. During a biopsy, a small sample of tissue is removed from the cyst and examined under a microscope to look for any abnormal cells.
5. Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA): In some cases, a fine needle aspiration may be performed to help confirm the diagnosis. During this procedure, a thin needle is used to extract fluid from the cyst, which can then be analyzed to determine if it is consistent with an epidermal inclusion cyst.

It’s important to note that epidermal inclusion cysts are usually benign (non-cancerous) and do not require treatment unless they become painful, infected, or cosmetically bothersome. If you have a cyst that is causing symptoms or concerns, it’s best to see a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management.

What is the treatment for an epidermal inclusion cyst?

The treatment for an epidermal inclusion cyst depends on several factors, including the size of the cyst, whether it is causing symptoms, and its location on the body. Treatment options may include:

1. Observation: If the cyst is small, asymptomatic, and not causing any problems, your healthcare provider may recommend simply monitoring it over time. In many cases, epidermal inclusion cysts are harmless and may not require treatment.
2. Incision and Drainage: If the cyst becomes infected or inflamed, your healthcare provider may recommend draining the cyst. This procedure involves making a small incision in the cyst and draining the contents. Antibiotics may be prescribed if there is an infection.
3. Excision: If the cyst is large, causing symptoms, or cosmetically bothersome, surgical removal (excision) may be recommended. During this procedure, the cyst and its surrounding sac are completely removed to prevent recurrence. This is typically done under local anesthesia in a healthcare provider’s office or clinic.
4. Injection: In some cases, your healthcare provider may inject the cyst with a corticosteroid medication to help reduce inflammation and shrink the cyst. This may be an option for cysts that are not easily accessible for surgical removal.
5. Laser Therapy: Laser therapy may be used to remove the cyst, particularly for cysts on the face or other sensitive areas. Laser therapy can help minimize scarring and promote faster healing.
6. Topical Treatments: In some cases, topical treatments such as retinoids or corticosteroids may be prescribed to help reduce inflammation and prevent recurrence of the cyst.

It’s important to consult with a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan for an epidermal inclusion cyst. Attempting to squeeze or “pop” the cyst at home is not recommended, as it can lead to infection and other complications. If you have a cyst that is causing symptoms or concerns, seek medical attention for proper evaluation and management.