Cricopharyngeal Spasm: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

What are the symptoms of a cricopharyngeal spasm?

Cricopharyngeal spasm, also known as upper esophageal sphincter dysfunction, can cause several symptoms related to swallowing and the throat. These can include:

1. Feeling of a lump in the throat: People with cricopharyngeal spasm may feel like there is a lump or something stuck in their throat, which is often described as a “globus” sensation.
2. Difficulty swallowing: Also known as dysphagia, this can range from a sensation of food getting stuck in the throat to actual difficulty moving food or liquids from the mouth to the esophagus.
3. Pain or discomfort: Some individuals may experience pain or discomfort in the throat or chest, particularly when swallowing.
4. Regurgitation: Food or liquids may come back up into the throat or mouth, especially after swallowing.
5. Hoarseness or voice changes: Chronic irritation from the spasms or regurgitation can affect the voice, leading to hoarseness or other changes in vocal quality.
6. Gagging or choking: In severe cases, cricopharyngeal spasm can cause gagging or choking, particularly during swallowing.

These symptoms can vary in severity and frequency from person to person. If you are experiencing symptoms of cricopharyngeal spasm, it’s important to see a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment.

What are the causes of a cricopharyngeal spasm?

The exact cause of cricopharyngeal spasm is not always clear, but it is believed to be related to dysfunction or irritation of the cricopharyngeus muscle, which is part of the upper esophageal sphincter (UES). The UES is a ring-like muscle at the top of the esophagus that helps prevent food and stomach acid from flowing back into the throat.

Some possible causes or factors that may contribute to cricopharyngeal spasm include:

1. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): Acid reflux or GERD can irritate the UES and lead to spasms.
2. Stress or anxiety: Emotional stress or anxiety can sometimes trigger or exacerbate muscle spasms, including those in the throat.
3. Swallowing disorders: Conditions that affect swallowing, such as esophageal strictures or neurological disorders, can sometimes lead to cricopharyngeal spasm.
4. Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR): Similar to GERD, LPR is a condition where stomach acid flows back into the throat, potentially irritating the UES.
5. Inflammation or irritation: Any condition that causes inflammation or irritation in the throat or esophagus can potentially lead to cricopharyngeal spasm.
6. Unknown causes: In some cases, the exact cause of cricopharyngeal spasm may not be identified.

It’s important to note that while these factors may contribute to cricopharyngeal spasm, the condition can vary widely between individuals, and the exact cause may be different for each person. If you are experiencing symptoms of cricopharyngeal spasm, it’s a good idea to see a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

What is the treatment for a cricopharyngeal spasm?

Treatment for cricopharyngeal spasm depends on the severity of the symptoms and the underlying cause, if one is identified. Some common approaches include:

1. Medications: Antispasmodic medications, such as hyoscyamine or dicyclomine, may help relax the cricopharyngeus muscle and reduce spasms.
2. Acid reflux treatment: If GERD or LPR is contributing to the spasms, treatment for acid reflux, such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or H2 blockers, may be recommended.
3. Botulinum toxin (Botox) injections: In some cases, injecting botulinum toxin directly into the cricopharyngeus muscle can help relax it and reduce spasms. This is usually done using endoscopy to guide the injection.
4. Swallowing therapy: Speech therapy or swallowing therapy with a speech-language pathologist can help improve swallowing techniques and coordination, which may reduce spasms.
5. Surgical options: In severe cases that do not respond to other treatments, surgery may be considered. One common surgical procedure is called a myotomy, where the cricopharyngeus muscle is cut to relieve the spasm.
6. Relaxation techniques: Stress and anxiety can sometimes trigger or exacerbate cricopharyngeal spasms, so relaxation techniques such as deep breathing, meditation, or yoga may be helpful.

It’s important to consult with a healthcare provider for a proper diagnosis and to discuss the most appropriate treatment options for your specific situation.