Cervical Polyp: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

What are the symptoms of cervical polyps?

Cervical polyps are growths that occur on the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. These polyps are usually benign (non-cancerous) and often do not cause symptoms. However, when symptoms do occur, they can include:

1. Abnormal vaginal bleeding: The most common symptom of cervical polyps is abnormal vaginal bleeding, which can include bleeding between periods, after sexual intercourse, or after menopause.
2. Vaginal discharge: Cervical polyps can cause an increase in vaginal discharge, which may be watery, bloody, or mucous-like in consistency.
3. Pelvic pain: Some women with cervical polyps may experience pelvic pain or discomfort, particularly during sexual intercourse or when inserting tampons.
4. Bleeding after douching: Douching (rinsing the vagina with water or other fluids) can sometimes cause cervical polyps to bleed.
5. Spotting or bleeding after a pelvic exam: Pelvic exams or other procedures that involve the cervix can sometimes cause cervical polyps to bleed.

It’s important to note that these symptoms can also be caused by other conditions, such as cervical cancer or infections, so it’s important to see a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis if you experience any abnormal vaginal bleeding or other concerning symptoms.

What are the causes of cervical polyps?

The exact cause of cervical polyps is not known, but they are thought to develop as a result of the following factors:

1. Chronic inflammation: Long-term inflammation or irritation of the cervical canal, possibly due to infections or hormonal changes, may contribute to the development of cervical polyps.
2. Hormonal changes: Fluctuations in hormone levels, particularly estrogen, may play a role in the development of cervical polyps. This is supported by the fact that polyps are more common in women of reproductive age and women who are taking hormone replacement therapy.
3. Cervical ectropion: Cervical ectropion, a condition where the cells from the inside of the cervical canal are present on the outside surface of the cervix, has been associated with an increased risk of developing cervical polyps.
4. Chronic cervicitis: Chronic inflammation of the cervix (cervicitis) may lead to the formation of polyps, although the exact relationship between cervicitis and polyps is not fully understood.
5. Hormonal imbalances: Conditions that cause hormonal imbalances, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or obesity, may increase the risk of developing cervical polyps.
6. Age and reproductive factors: Cervical polyps are more common in women between the ages of 30 and 50, and women who have had children may be at higher risk.

While the exact cause of cervical polyps is not always clear, they are typically benign (non-cancerous) growths.

What is the treatment for cervical polyps?

The treatment for cervical polyps typically involves removing the polyps, especially if they are causing symptoms. The removal process is usually simple and can often be done in a healthcare provider’s office. Treatment options for cervical polyps include:

1. Polypectomy: This is the most common treatment for cervical polyps. It involves removing the polyps using a small instrument called a polyp forceps. The procedure is usually quick and relatively painless.
2. Medication: In some cases, medication may be prescribed to help shrink the polyps or alleviate symptoms such as bleeding or discharge. Hormonal medications, such as birth control pills, may be used to regulate hormone levels and reduce the size of the polyps.
3. Hysteroscopy: If the polyps are large or if there are multiple polyps, a hysteroscopy may be performed. During this procedure, a thin, flexible tube with a camera on the end (hysteroscope) is inserted into the uterus through the cervix to allow the healthcare provider to visualize the polyps and remove them.
4. Cauterization: In some cases, a procedure called electrocauterization may be used to remove the polyps. This involves using a special tool that uses heat or electricity to destroy the polyps.
5. Biopsy: If the polyps are removed, they are often sent to a laboratory for analysis to rule out any signs of cancer or other abnormalities.

After treatment, most women do not experience a recurrence of cervical polyps. However, regular pelvic exams are recommended to monitor for any new polyps or other changes in the cervix. If you have cervical polyps or are experiencing symptoms such as abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge, it is important to consult with a healthcare provider for evaluation and appropriate management.