Burning Mouth Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

What are the symptoms of burning mouth syndrome?

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a condition characterized by a burning or scalding sensation in the mouth, often without any visible cause or physical abnormalities. The symptoms can vary from person to person, but commonly include:

1. Burning or scalding sensation: This is the hallmark symptom of BMS, often affecting the tongue, lips, palate, gums, throat, or entire mouth. The sensation may be constant or come and go.
2. Dry mouth: Many people with BMS also experience a dry or parched feeling in the mouth, which can contribute to the burning sensation.
3. Taste changes: Some individuals may notice a bitter, metallic, or other abnormal taste in their mouth, which can accompany the burning sensation.
4. Increased thirst: Due to the dryness and discomfort, some people may experience increased thirst or a need to drink more fluids.
5. Soreness or tingling: Along with the burning sensation, some individuals may experience soreness, tingling, or numbness in the mouth or on the tongue.
6. Difficulty eating or drinking: The burning sensation and other symptoms can make eating and drinking uncomfortable or painful.
7. Anxiety or depression: Chronic pain and discomfort from BMS can lead to feelings of anxiety, depression, or irritability in some individuals.
8. Sleep disturbances: Discomfort from BMS can interfere with sleep, leading to fatigue and other related issues.

It’s important to note that the symptoms of BMS can vary in severity and may come and go over time. If you are experiencing symptoms of burning mouth syndrome, it’s recommended to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and management.

What are the causes of burning mouth syndrome?

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a complex condition, and its exact cause is often difficult to pinpoint. However, several factors may contribute to its development, including:

1. Nerve damage: Damage or dysfunction of the nerves that control pain and taste sensations in the mouth may lead to BMS. This damage can be caused by conditions such as diabetes, nerve compression, or trauma.
2. Hormonal changes: Fluctuations in hormone levels, such as those that occur during menopause, pregnancy, or hormonal therapy, may contribute to BMS in some individuals.
3. Nutritional deficiencies: Deficiencies in certain vitamins and minerals, such as B vitamins (especially vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12), iron, zinc, or folate, have been linked to BMS.
4. Dry mouth: Reduced saliva production, which can be caused by medications, certain medical conditions, or radiation therapy, can lead to oral discomfort and may contribute to BMS.
5. Oral infections: Infections such as oral thrush (caused by Candida yeast) or oral lichen planus (an inflammatory condition) may be associated with BMS.
6. Allergies or reactions to dental materials: Some individuals may experience BMS-like symptoms as a result of allergies or reactions to dental materials such as dentures, crowns, or dental fillings.
7. Psychological factors: Stress, anxiety, depression, or other psychological factors may contribute to BMS or exacerbate existing symptoms.
8. Medications: Certain medications, including those used to treat high blood pressure, depression, or anxiety, may contribute to BMS as a side effect.
9. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): Acid reflux from the stomach into the esophagus and mouth can cause burning sensations in the mouth and may be associated with BMS in some cases.
10. Oral habits: Habits such as teeth grinding (bruxism) or tongue thrusting may contribute to BMS symptoms in some individuals.

It’s important to note that the exact cause of BMS can vary from person to person, and in many cases, multiple factors may contribute to its development. A healthcare professional can help determine the underlying cause of BMS and recommend appropriate treatment options.

What is the treatment for burning mouth syndrome?

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic condition characterized by a burning sensation in the mouth, tongue, or throat, without any visible signs of oral disease or other medical conditions. The treatment for BMS is often focused on managing the symptoms and improving quality of life. Here are some common treatment options:

1. Medications:
   • Antidepressants: Some antidepressants, such as amitriptyline, can help reduce pain and discomfort.
   • Antihistamines: Antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine, can help relieve itching and burning sensations.
   • Muscle relaxants: Muscle relaxants, such as cyclobenzaprine, can help reduce muscle tension and discomfort.
   • Topical anesthetics: Topical anesthetics, such as lidocaine, can help numb the affected area and provide temporary relief.
2. Lifestyle changes:
   • Avoiding triggers: Identify and avoid triggers that can exacerbate BMS symptoms, such as spicy foods, acidic beverages, or tobacco products.
   • Dietary changes: Eating a balanced diet that includes foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin B12, and other nutrients may help alleviate symptoms.
   • Stress management: Stress can exacerbate BMS symptoms. Practicing stress-reducing techniques, such as meditation or yoga, can help manage stress.
3. Oral care:
   • Good oral hygiene: Maintaining good oral hygiene habits, including regular brushing and flossing, can help reduce inflammation and discomfort.
   • Mouthwashes: Using a mouthwash that contains ingredients like aloe vera or chamomile can help soothe the mouth and reduce inflammation.
4. Alternative therapies:
   • Acupuncture: Acupuncture has been shown to be effective in reducing BMS symptoms in some studies.
   • Herbal remedies: Certain herbal remedies, such as ginger or capsaicin, may help alleviate symptoms.
5. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): CBT can help individuals with BMS manage their symptoms and improve their overall quality of life.
6. Relaxation techniques: Techniques like progressive muscle relaxation, visualization, and guided imagery can help reduce stress and alleviate symptoms.
7. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove any underlying oral lesions or abnormalities that may be contributing to the symptoms.

It’s essential to work with a healthcare provider to develop a personalized treatment plan that addresses the specific needs and symptoms of the individual.