Angina (Chest Pain): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

What are the symptoms of angina?

Angina, also known as angina pectoris, is a symptom of underlying heart disease. It occurs when the heart muscle does not receive enough oxygen-rich blood. The most common symptom of angina is chest pain or discomfort, but the presentation can vary. Here are the typical symptoms of angina:

1. Chest Pain or Discomfort: This is the hallmark symptom of angina. The pain may feel like pressure, squeezing, fullness, or tightness in the chest. It is often described as a heaviness or discomfort rather than sharp or stabbing pain. The pain may also radiate to the arms (usually the left arm), shoulders, neck, jaw, or back.
2. Pain Pattern: Angina pain typically occurs during physical exertion, emotional stress, or after a heavy meal. It usually lasts for a few minutes and is relieved by rest or medications such as nitroglycerin. Stable angina follows a predictable pattern, while unstable angina can occur at rest or with less exertion and may be a sign of a more serious condition.
3. Shortness of Breath: Some people with angina may experience difficulty breathing, especially during physical activity or exertion.
4. Nausea, Indigestion, or Heartburn: Angina symptoms can sometimes be mistaken for gastrointestinal issues, leading to symptoms such as nausea, indigestion, or heartburn.
5. Fatigue: Fatigue or weakness may occur, particularly during episodes of angina.
6. Sweating: Some people may experience sweating, clamminess, or a feeling of coldness during an angina episode.

It’s important to note that not everyone with angina will experience all of these symptoms, and the presentation can vary from person to person. Additionally, women may have atypical symptoms of angina compared to men, such as back pain, jaw pain, or shortness of breath without chest pain.

If you experience symptoms suggestive of angina, it’s essential to seek medical attention promptly, as angina can be a sign of underlying heart disease that requires evaluation and treatment.

What are the causes of angina?

Angina is a type of chest pain or discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle does not receive enough oxygen-rich blood. The main cause of angina is coronary artery disease, which is the narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries. The coronary arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle.

There are several factors that can contribute to the development of angina, including:

1. Coronary artery disease: This is the most common cause of angina. It occurs when the coronary arteries become narrowed or blocked due to a buildup of plaque, a waxy substance made up of cholesterol, fat, and other substances.
2. Atherosclerosis: This is a condition in which the coronary arteries become hardened and narrowed due to the buildup of plaque.
3. High blood pressure: High blood pressure can damage the inner lining of the coronary arteries, leading to the buildup of plaque.
4. High cholesterol: High levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the blood can contribute to the buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries.
5. Smoking: Smoking damages the inner lining of the coronary arteries, making it more likely for plaque to build up.
6. Diabetes: People with diabetes are at increased risk for developing angina due to the damage that high blood sugar levels can cause to the coronary arteries.
7. Obesity: Obesity is a risk factor for developing angina, as it can increase blood pressure and cholesterol levels.
8. Physical inactivity: A sedentary lifestyle can contribute to an increased risk of developing angina.
9. Family history: If you have a family history of coronary artery disease, you may be at increased risk for developing angina.
10. Other medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as kidney disease, thyroid disease, and rheumatoid arthritis, can increase the risk of developing angina.
11. Stress: Stress can trigger angina in people who already have underlying coronary artery disease.
12. Vitamin deficiencies: Deficiencies in vitamins such as B12 and folate can contribute to the development of angina.

In addition to these underlying causes, certain triggers can bring on angina symptoms, including:

• Physical activity
• Emotional stress
• Cold weather
• Heavy meals
• Cigarette smoking
• Hormonal changes

It’s important to note that angina can be a symptom of other conditions, such as heart failure or aortic stenosis, so it’s essential to seek medical attention if you experience symptoms of angina.

What is the treatment for angina?

The treatment for angina, which is chest pain or discomfort caused by reduced blood flow to the heart, typically involves a combination of lifestyle changes, medications, and other interventions. The goal of treatment is to relieve symptoms, improve quality of life, and prevent further heart damage. Here are some common treatments for angina:

1. Lifestyle Changes:
   • Quit smoking: Smoking can worsen angina and increase the risk of heart disease.
   • Exercise regularly: Regular physical activity can help reduce symptoms and improve overall health.
   • Maintain a healthy weight: Excess weight can put additional strain on the heart.
   • Manage stress: Stress can exacerbate angina symptoms. Practice relaxation techniques like meditation or deep breathing.
   • Eat a healthy diet: Focus on whole, nutrient-rich foods, and avoid foods that can trigger symptoms.
2. Medications:
   • Nitrates: These medications, such as nitroglycerin, help dilate blood vessels and increase blood flow to the heart.
   • Beta blockers: These medications, such as metoprolol, slow the heart rate and reduce blood pressure, which can help alleviate symptoms.
   • Calcium channel blockers: These medications, such as amlodipine, help relax blood vessels and reduce blood pressure.
   • Ranolazine: This medication helps reduce the number of times the heart muscle is deprived of oxygen.
3. Other Interventions:
   • Angioplasty and stenting: This minimally invasive procedure involves widening narrowed or blocked coronary arteries using a balloon and stent.
   • Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG): This surgical procedure involves bypassing blocked coronary arteries with grafts from other blood vessels.
   • Pacemakers: In some cases, a pacemaker may be necessary to regulate the heart’s rhythm.
4. Alternative Therapies:
   • Acupuncture: This traditional Chinese medicine technique may help relieve angina symptoms by stimulating specific points on the body.
   • Yoga: Certain yoga poses and exercises may help improve circulation and reduce symptoms.
5. Emergent Care:
   • If you experience severe or worsening angina symptoms, seek immediate medical attention. In some cases, emergency department treatment may involve medications to help relieve symptoms or stabilize the heart.

It’s essential to work closely with your healthcare provider to develop a personalized treatment plan that addresses your specific needs and lifestyle.