Epididymitis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

What are the symptoms of epididymitis?

Epididymitis is inflammation of the epididymis, a tube located at the back of the testicles that stores and carries sperm. Symptoms of epididymitis can include:

1. Pain: The most common symptom is a gradual onset of pain in one testicle, which can range from mild to severe. The pain may also spread to the groin or lower abdomen.
2. Swelling: The affected testicle and the epididymis may become swollen and tender to the touch.
3. Redness: The skin of the scrotum may appear red or feel warm to the touch.
4. Fever: In some cases, epididymitis can cause a fever, especially if it is caused by a bacterial infection.
5. Discharge: There may be discharge from the penis, especially if the epididymitis is caused by a sexually transmitted infection (STI).
6. Urinary symptoms: Some men may experience pain or burning with urination, frequent urination, or the urgent need to urinate.

It’s important to see a healthcare provider if you experience symptoms of epididymitis, as it can be caused by infections that require treatment, such as bacterial infections or sexually transmitted infections.

What are the causes of epididymitis?

Epididymitis can be caused by various factors, including:

1. Bacterial infection: Most cases of epididymitis are due to a bacterial infection. The bacteria can enter the epididymis through the urethra, bladder, or prostate. Common bacteria that can cause epididymitis include those that cause sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as chlamydia and gonorrhea, as well as bacteria from urinary tract infections (UTIs).
2. Non-bacterial causes: In some cases, epididymitis can be caused by non-bacterial factors, such as trauma to the groin area, urinary reflux (where urine flows backward into the epididymis), or the use of certain medications.
3. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): STIs such as chlamydia and gonorrhea can cause epididymitis, especially in sexually active men under the age of 35.
4. Urinary tract infections (UTIs): In some cases, bacteria from a UTI can travel to the epididymis and cause infection.
5. Prostate infection: A prostate infection (prostatitis) can sometimes lead to epididymitis.
6. Urethral stricture: A narrowing of the urethra (urethral stricture) can lead to urinary retention and increase the risk of epididymitis.
7. Medical procedures: Certain medical procedures, such as catheter insertion or prostate biopsy, can increase the risk of developing epididymitis.

It’s important to seek medical attention if you suspect you have epididymitis, as it can be caused by infections that require treatment, and complications can occur if left untreated.

How is epididymitis diagnosed?

Epididymitis is typically diagnosed based on your medical history, symptoms, and a physical examination. Your healthcare provider may also recommend the following tests:

1. Urinalysis: A urine sample may be tested for signs of infection, such as the presence of white blood cells or bacteria.
2. STI testing: If there is a suspicion of a sexually transmitted infection (STI), your healthcare provider may recommend tests for chlamydia and gonorrhea.
3. Ultrasound: An ultrasound of the scrotum may be done to visualize the epididymis and testicles. This can help rule out other conditions that may be causing your symptoms, such as testicular torsion (twisting of the testicle) or a testicular tumor.
4. Blood tests: Blood tests may be done to check for signs of infection and to rule out other possible causes of your symptoms.
5. Physical examination: Your healthcare provider will examine your scrotum, testicles, and groin area to check for swelling, tenderness, and other signs of infection.
6. Urethral swab: If there is discharge from the penis, a swab may be taken from the urethra to test for STIs.

The specific tests recommended will depend on your individual situation and the suspected cause of your epididymitis. Treatment will depend on the underlying cause, so it’s important to follow up with your healthcare provider for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan.

What is the treatment for epididymitis?

Treatment for epididymitis depends on the underlying cause. In cases where the cause is bacterial, antibiotics are typically prescribed. Pain and inflammation can be managed with over-the-counter pain medications, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen.

If the epididymitis is caused by a sexually transmitted infection (STI), your sexual partners may also need to be treated to prevent reinfection. It’s important to abstain from sexual activity until you and your partner(s) have completed treatment and any symptoms have resolved.

Other treatments and recommendations may include:

1. Rest: Resting and elevating the scrotum with a supportive undergarment can help reduce pain and swelling.
2. Ice packs: Applying ice packs to the scrotum can help reduce swelling and pain.
3. Hydration: Drinking plenty of fluids can help flush out bacteria from your urinary tract.
4. Avoiding activities that worsen symptoms: Activities such as heavy lifting or strenuous exercise may worsen symptoms and should be avoided until the infection has resolved.
5. Follow-up: It’s important to follow up with your healthcare provider to ensure that the infection has cleared up and to address any lingering symptoms or concerns.

In some cases, epididymitis may require hospitalization and intravenous antibiotics, especially if the infection is severe or if there are complications. It’s important to seek prompt medical attention if you suspect you have epididymitis to prevent complications and ensure appropriate treatment.