Conjunctival Melanoma: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

What are the symptoms of conjunctival melanoma?

Conjunctival melanoma is a rare but serious form of eye cancer that affects the conjunctiva, the thin layer of tissue that covers the white part of the eye. The symptoms of conjunctival melanoma can vary, but may include:

1. A pigmented or non-pigmented lesion on the conjunctiva that may appear flat or raised.
2. A change in the size, shape, or color of a pre-existing spot on the conjunctiva.
3. Redness or irritation of the eye.
4. Sensation of a foreign body in the eye.
5. Blurred vision or loss of vision.
6. Tearing or discharge from the eye.
7. Sensitivity to light (photophobia).
8. A visible blood vessel in the white part of the eye that appears to be growing into the lesion.

It’s important to note that these symptoms can also be caused by other, less serious conditions, such as conjunctivitis or a benign conjunctival nevus (freckle). However, if you experience any of these symptoms, especially if they are persistent or worsening, it’s important to see an eye care professional for a comprehensive eye exam and appropriate testing to rule out conjunctival melanoma or other serious eye conditions. Early detection and treatment can improve the prognosis for conjunctival melanoma.

What are the causes of conjunctival melanoma?

The exact causes of conjunctival melanoma are not fully understood, but several factors may contribute to its development:

1. UV Radiation: Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun is considered a risk factor for conjunctival melanoma, similar to other types of melanoma.
2. Fair Skin and Light Eye Color: People with fair skin, light-colored eyes (blue or green), and a tendency to sunburn easily are at higher risk for developing conjunctival melanoma.
3. Age: Conjunctival melanoma is more common in older adults, particularly those over the age of 50.
4. Pigmentation: Conjunctival melanoma can occur in both pigmented (dark) and non-pigmented (light) areas of the eye. In pigmented areas, the melanocytes (cells that produce pigment) may undergo changes that lead to cancer.
5. Immune System Suppression: Individuals with a weakened immune system, such as those who have undergone organ transplantation or have HIV/AIDS, may have an increased risk of developing conjunctival melanoma.
6. Previous Eye Conditions: Certain eye conditions, such as primary acquired melanosis (PAM) or a pre-existing nevus (freckle) on the conjunctiva, may increase the risk of developing conjunctival melanoma.
7. Genetic Factors: While rare, there may be genetic factors that predispose some individuals to develop conjunctival melanoma.

It’s important to note that not everyone with these risk factors will develop conjunctival melanoma, and some people may develop the disease without any known risk factors. Regular eye exams and early detection are key to diagnosing and treating conjunctival melanoma in its early stages.

What is the treatment for conjunctival melanoma?

The treatment for conjunctival melanoma depends on several factors, including the size and location of the tumor, whether it has spread (metastasized) to other parts of the body, and the overall health of the patient. Treatment options may include:

1. Surgery: The primary treatment for localized conjunctival melanoma is surgical removal of the tumor. The extent of surgery will depend on the size and location of the tumor. In some cases, a wide local excision may be performed to ensure that all of the cancerous cells are removed. In more advanced cases, surgery may also involve removal of nearby lymph nodes if there is concern that the cancer has spread.
2. Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy may be used to treat conjunctival melanoma, either as a primary treatment or after surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells. External beam radiation therapy or plaque brachytherapy (where a radioactive plaque is placed near the tumor) may be used.
3. Cryotherapy: Cryotherapy uses extreme cold to destroy cancer cells. It may be used for very small tumors or as an adjuvant treatment after surgery.
4. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is not typically used as a first-line treatment for conjunctival melanoma, but may be used in cases where the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
5. Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy, which helps the body’s immune system fight cancer, may be used in some cases of metastatic conjunctival melanoma.
6. Follow-Up Care: Regular follow-up exams are important after treatment for conjunctival melanoma to monitor for any signs of recurrence or metastasis.

The specific treatment plan for conjunctival melanoma will be determined by a team of healthcare providers, including ophthalmologists, oncologists, and other specialists, based on the individual characteristics of the tumor and the patient. Early detection and treatment can improve the prognosis for conjunctival melanoma.