Compression Fractures: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

What are the symptoms of a compression fracture?

A compression fracture is a type of fracture that occurs in the vertebrae of the spine, usually due to osteoporosis or trauma. The symptoms of a compression fracture can vary depending on the severity of the fracture, but common symptoms include:

1. Back pain: Compression fractures often cause sudden onset of back pain, which may be severe and worsen with movement or when standing for long periods.
2. Loss of height: A compression fracture can cause a noticeable loss of height, particularly in the elderly or those with osteoporosis.
3. Kyphosis: As compression fractures can cause the vertebrae to collapse, they can lead to an exaggerated curvature of the spine known as kyphosis, also known as a dowager’s hump.
4. Limited mobility: Severe compression fractures can limit mobility and range of motion in the spine, making it difficult to bend or twist.
5. Numbness or tingling: If the fracture affects the nerves in the spine, it can cause numbness, tingling, or weakness in the arms or legs.
6. Difficulty breathing: In some cases, a compression fracture can compress the chest cavity, leading to difficulty breathing or shortness of breath.
7. Changes in bowel or bladder function: Severe compression fractures can affect the nerves that control bowel and bladder function, leading to incontinence or difficulty urinating or having bowel movements.

It’s important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of a compression fracture, especially if you have risk factors such as osteoporosis or a history of trauma.

What are the causes of a compression fracture?

Compression fractures in the spine are most commonly caused by osteoporosis, a condition in which bones become weak and brittle, making them more susceptible to fracture. Other causes of compression fractures include:

1. Trauma: A sudden and forceful impact, such as from a fall or a car accident, can cause a compression fracture in the spine.
2. Repetitive stress: Activities or movements that put repeated stress on the spine, such as heavy lifting or certain sports, can weaken the vertebrae over time and increase the risk of compression fractures.
3. Cancer: Cancer that has spread (metastasized) to the spine can weaken the vertebrae and increase the risk of compression fractures.
4. Other underlying conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease) or Paget’s disease of the bone, can weaken the bones and increase the risk of compression fractures.
5. Poor posture: Chronic poor posture, such as slouching or sitting for long periods, can increase the risk of developing compression fractures over time.
6. Certain medications: Long-term use of corticosteroid medications, which can weaken bones, can increase the risk of compression fractures.
7. Age: As people age, their bones naturally become weaker and more prone to fractures, including compression fractures.
8. Nutritional deficiencies: Lack of certain nutrients, such as vitamin D or calcium, can weaken bones and increase the risk of compression fractures.
9. Smoking: Smoking can weaken bones and interfere with the body’s ability to absorb calcium, increasing the risk of compression fractures.
10. Alcohol abuse: Excessive alcohol consumption can weaken bones and increase the risk of fractures, including compression fractures.

It’s important to address any underlying conditions or risk factors to help prevent compression fractures. This may include lifestyle changes, such as improving posture and nutrition, as well as medical treatments for conditions like osteoporosis or cancer.

What is the treatment for a compression fracture?

The treatment for a compression fracture depends on the severity of the fracture, the underlying cause, and the individual’s overall health. In many cases, compression fractures can be managed conservatively with nonsurgical treatments, but more severe fractures may require surgical intervention. Treatment options may include:

1. Pain management: Over-the-counter or prescription pain medications can help manage pain associated with the fracture. In some cases, a brace or corset may be recommended to provide support and reduce pain.
2. Rest and activity modification: Resting and avoiding activities that worsen pain can help promote healing. Gradual return to normal activities is typically recommended once the pain subsides.
3. Physical therapy: Physical therapy can help improve strength, flexibility, and posture, which can reduce the risk of future fractures and improve overall function.
4. Calcium and vitamin D supplements: If osteoporosis is the underlying cause of the fracture, calcium and vitamin D supplements may be recommended to improve bone strength.
5. Vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty: For severe or painful fractures, minimally invasive procedures such as vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty may be performed. These procedures involve injecting a special cement into the fractured vertebra to stabilize it and relieve pain.
6. Surgery: In rare cases, surgery may be necessary to stabilize the spine and relieve pressure on the nerves. Surgical options may include spinal fusion or placement of hardware such as rods or screws.
7. Osteoporosis treatment: If osteoporosis is the underlying cause of the fracture, treatment may include medications to improve bone density and reduce the risk of future fractures.

It’s important for individuals with compression fractures to work closely with their healthcare provider to develop a treatment plan tailored to their specific needs. Early treatment can help reduce pain, promote healing, and prevent complications.