Cat Scratch Fever: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

What are the symptoms of cat scratch fever?

Cat scratch fever, also known as cat scratch disease (CSD), is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Bartonella henselae. Symptoms typically develop 3-14 days after being scratched or bitten by a cat infected with the bacteria.

The most common symptoms of cat scratch fever include:

1. Swollen lymph nodes: The first sign is usually a tender, swollen lymph node, especially near the site of the scratch or bite. This is often in the armpit, neck, or groin area.
2. Fever: People with CSD often develop a fever, which may be accompanied by chills or sweats.
3. Fatigue: Many individuals with cat scratch fever experience general feelings of malaise and fatigue.
4. Headache: Some people may develop a headache that can range from mild to severe.
5. Loss of appetite: A reduced desire to eat is a common symptom of CSD.
6. Sore throat: Some individuals may experience a sore throat, similar to that of a common cold.
7. Rash: A small bump or blister may develop at the site of the scratch or bite, along with a raised, red area of skin.

In severe cases, cat scratch fever can lead to complications such as encephalopathy (brain inflammation), neuroretinitis (inflammation of the retina and optic nerve), or osteomyelitis (bone infection). However, these complications are rare. Most people with cat scratch fever recover without any long-term problems. If you think you or your child may have cat scratch fever, it’s important to see a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment.

What are the causes of cat scratch fever?

Cat scratch fever, or cat scratch disease (CSD), is caused by a bacterium called Bartonella henselae. This bacterium is commonly found in the saliva of infected cats.

The primary mode of transmission to humans is through scratches or bites from infected cats. The bacteria can also be transmitted if the cat licks an open wound or scratch on a person’s skin. Kittens are more likely to carry the bacteria, and the infection is more common in young cats less than one year old.

In addition to direct contact with cats, there are other less common ways that Bartonella henselae can be transmitted to humans, such as:

1. Flea bites: Fleas can become infected with Bartonella henselae by feeding on an infected cat, and then transmit the bacteria to humans through their bites.
2. Cat saliva on broken skin: If a cat licks a person’s open wound or scratch, it can transmit the bacteria.
3. Contaminated surfaces: It’s possible, although less common, to contract CSD from touching surfaces that have been contaminated with the bacteria, such as a cat’s bedding or scratching post.

It’s important to note that not all cats carry Bartonella henselae, and even among those that do, not all will show symptoms of infection. Additionally, not all people who are exposed to the bacteria will develop cat scratch fever; the risk is higher in those with weakened immune systems.

What is the treatment for cat scratch fever?

The treatment for cat scratch fever, or cat scratch disease (CSD), typically depends on the severity of the symptoms and the overall health of the patient. In many cases, cat scratch fever will resolve on its own without specific treatment. However, if symptoms are severe or complications develop, medical intervention may be necessary.

1. Antibiotics: If the lymph nodes are swollen and painful, or if there are other symptoms such as fever or an enlarged spleen, antibiotics such as azithromycin, doxycycline, or ciprofloxacin may be prescribed.
2. Pain relief: Over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen may help to relieve fever, pain, and inflammation.
3. Supportive care: Getting plenty of rest, staying hydrated, and eating a healthy diet can help the body recover more quickly.
4. Corticosteroids: In some cases, corticosteroids may be prescribed to reduce inflammation, especially if there are complications such as neuroretinitis (inflammation of the retina and optic nerve).
5. Drainage: If an abscess forms, it may need to be drained by a healthcare provider.

It’s important to follow your healthcare provider’s advice regarding treatment and follow-up care. Most cases of cat scratch fever resolve without complications, but it’s important to monitor symptoms and seek medical attention if they worsen or if new symptoms develop.

Does cat scratch fever go away on its own?

Yes, in many cases, cat scratch fever (cat scratch disease or CSD) will go away on its own without specific treatment. The body’s immune system is usually able to fight off the infection over time.

However, some people with CSD may experience more severe symptoms or complications that require medical intervention, such as swollen lymph nodes that are very painful or have formed an abscess, or if the infection has spread to other parts of the body. In these cases, antibiotics or other treatments may be necessary.

It’s important to monitor symptoms closely and seek medical attention if they worsen or if new symptoms develop. Most people with cat scratch fever recover completely without long-term complications.