Sensory Processing Disorder: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

What are the symptoms of sensory processing disorder?

Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD) is a condition that affects how the brain processes sensory information, leading to difficulties in responding to sensory stimuli. Symptoms can vary widely among individuals but generally fall into two main categories: hypersensitivity (over-responsiveness) and hyposensitivity (under-responsiveness). Here are some common symptoms associated with SPD:

Hypersensitivity (Over-Responsiveness)

• Sensory Avoidance: Individuals may avoid certain sensory experiences, such as loud noises, bright lights, or certain textures. For example, they might refuse to wear certain clothing fabrics or avoid crowded places.
• Extreme Reactions: They may have strong emotional responses to sensory input, such as becoming easily overwhelmed, anxious, or distressed by everyday sounds or smells.
• Difficulty with Transitions: Changes in routine or environment can lead to heightened anxiety or frustration.

Hyposensitivity (Under-Responsiveness)

• Lack of Awareness: Individuals may not respond to sensory stimuli that others would typically notice, such as pain or temperature changes.
• Seeking Sensory Input: They might seek out intense sensory experiences, such as jumping, crashing into things, or engaging in excessive movement to feel sensations more acutely.
• Low Registration: Difficulty processing sensory information can lead to missing social cues or failing to notice important environmental changes.

Other Common Symptoms

• Motor Skill Difficulties: Problems with coordination and fine motor skills can also be prevalent.
• Emotional and Behavioral Issues: Frustration, mood swings, and behavioral challenges may arise due to sensory overload or under-responsiveness.
• Difficulty Focusing: Challenges in concentrating or staying on task can occur, especially in environments with many sensory distractions.

What are the causes of sensory processing disorder?

The exact causes of Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD) are not fully understood, but several factors are believed to contribute to its development. Here are some of the key factors associated with SPD:

1. Neurological Factors

• SPD is often linked to differences in how the brain processes sensory information. Research suggests that there may be neurological underpinnings that affect sensory integration and processing .

2. Genetic Predisposition

• There may be a genetic component to SPD, as it can be more prevalent in families with a history of sensory processing issues or related conditions like autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) .

3. Developmental Factors

• Certain developmental issues during early childhood, such as premature birth, low birth weight, or complications during birth, may increase the risk of developing SPD. Early exposure to sensory experiences can also shape how sensory processing develops .

4. Environmental Influences

• Environmental factors, including exposure to toxins, diet, and overall sensory experiences during formative years, can play a role. For example, a chaotic or overly stimulating environment may exacerbate sensory sensitivities .

5. Comorbid Conditions

• SPD often coexists with other disorders, such as ASD, ADHD, and anxiety disorders. These conditions can share overlapping symptoms, making it challenging to identify SPD as a standalone issue .

6. Trauma and Stress

• Some children may develop SPD after experiencing trauma or significant stress, which can affect their ability to process sensory information effectively .

What is the treatment for sensory processing disorder?

Treatment for Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD) typically involves a combination of approaches tailored to the individual’s specific sensory needs and challenges. Here are some common treatment options:

1. Occupational Therapy (OT)

• Sensory Integration Therapy: This therapy helps individuals gradually adapt to sensory stimuli through structured activities that challenge their sensory processing abilities. Occupational therapists design personalized treatment plans to address sensory needs.
• Skill Development: Therapists may also work on fine and gross motor skills to help individuals navigate daily activities more effectively.

2. Behavioral Therapy

• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): CBT can help individuals manage anxiety and behavioral issues associated with SPD by teaching coping strategies and self-regulation techniques.
• Parent Training: Involving parents in therapy can help them understand SPD and develop strategies to support their child’s sensory needs at home.

3. Environmental Modifications

• Creating Sensory-Friendly Spaces: Modifying the home, school, or work environment to minimize sensory overload can be beneficial. This may include reducing noise, adjusting lighting, or providing sensory tools like fidget items.
• Routine Establishment: Having a predictable routine can help individuals feel more secure and reduce anxiety related to sensory experiences.

4. Sensory Diet

• Tailored Activities: A sensory diet consists of activities designed to provide the appropriate sensory input needed throughout the day. This can include swinging, bouncing, or using textured materials to help regulate sensory needs.

5. Medication

• While there is no specific medication for SPD, some individuals may benefit from medication to manage associated conditions like anxiety or ADHD. This should be discussed with a healthcare provider.

6. Support Groups and Education

• Family and Community Support: Connecting with support groups can provide families with resources, strategies, and emotional support. Education about SPD for both the individual and family members is crucial.