Wet Macular Degeneration: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

What are the symptoms of wet macular degeneration?

Wet macular degeneration, also known as neovascular or exudative macular degeneration, is a serious form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) that causes rapid vision loss. The symptoms include:

• Sudden Vision Loss: Rapid or severe loss of central vision, often in one eye.
• Distorted Vision: Straight lines may appear wavy or bent, which is known as metamorphopsia.
• Blind Spots: Development of dark or empty areas in the central vision (scotomas).
• Reduced Contrast Sensitivity: Difficulty seeing in low-light conditions or distinguishing between similar colors.
• Blurred Vision: Central vision may become blurry or less sharp.
• Visual Distortion: Objects may look distorted or have an irregular shape.

These symptoms typically develop quickly, and individuals experiencing them should seek medical attention promptly to manage the condition and potentially preserve vision.

What are the causes of wet macular degeneration?

Wet macular degeneration is primarily caused by abnormal growth of blood vessels beneath the retina, which leads to leakage of fluid and blood. The main causes and risk factors include:

• Age: The risk increases with age, especially in individuals over 60.
• Genetics: Family history of macular degeneration can increase the risk. Certain genetic factors and variations are associated with a higher likelihood of developing wet macular degeneration.
• Smoking: Smoking is a significant risk factor that can contribute to the development and progression of the disease.
• High Blood Pressure: Hypertension can contribute to the damage and leakage of blood vessels in the retina.
• Diet: Poor diet, particularly one low in fruits, vegetables, and antioxidants, may increase the risk.
• Sunlight Exposure: Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light without protection may contribute to the risk.
• Other Health Conditions: Conditions such as cardiovascular disease or obesity can be linked to an increased risk of macular degeneration.

The abnormal blood vessels that cause wet macular degeneration grow under the retina and can leak fluid or blood, leading to damage and scarring of the macula, which is crucial for sharp, central vision.

What is the treatment for wet macular degeneration?

Treatment for wet macular degeneration focuses on slowing the progression of the disease, preserving vision, and managing symptoms. Key treatments include:

• Anti-VEGF Injections: These medications block vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which reduces the growth of abnormal blood vessels and leakage. Common anti-VEGF drugs include ranibizumab (Lucentis), aflibercept (Eylea), and bevacizumab (Avastin). These are typically administered via injections directly into the eye.
• Photodynamic Therapy (PDT): This involves injecting a light-sensitive drug (verteporfin) into the bloodstream, which is then activated by a laser to destroy abnormal blood vessels in the retina.
• Laser Therapy: Laser treatment can be used to destroy abnormal blood vessels, but it is less commonly used today due to the effectiveness of anti-VEGF therapies.
• Nutritional Supplements: High-dose antioxidants and zinc may help in managing dry macular degeneration and can have some impact on the progression of wet macular degeneration, although they are not a direct treatment.
• Low Vision Aids: Devices and techniques to maximize remaining vision, such as magnifiers or specialized glasses, can assist in daily activities.
• Regular Monitoring: Frequent eye exams and monitoring of the condition help adjust treatment plans and address any changes promptly.
• Quitting smoking.

Early detection and intervention are crucial for managing wet macular degeneration and preserving vision.