Visceral Larva Migrans: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

What are the symptoms of visceral larva migrans?

Visceral larva migrans (VLM) is a condition caused by the migration of parasitic larvae, typically from Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati (roundworms found in dogs and cats). The symptoms can vary based on the severity of the infection and the organs affected, but common symptoms include:

• Fever: Elevated body temperature is a common sign.
• Abdominal Pain: Discomfort or pain in the abdomen.
• Cough: Respiratory symptoms such as coughing may occur if the larvae migrate to the lungs.
• Rash: Skin rashes or lesions may appear, sometimes referred to as “creeping eruptions.”
• Hepatomegaly: Enlargement of the liver, which may cause discomfort or pain in the upper right abdomen.
• Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen.
• Lung Symptoms: If the larvae affect the lungs, symptoms may include wheezing or difficulty breathing.
• Fatigue: General tiredness and malaise.
• Lymphadenopathy: Swollen lymph nodes.

In severe cases, more serious complications such as vision problems or neurological symptoms can occur if the larvae migrate to the eyes or central nervous system.

What are the causes of visceral larva migrans?

Visceral larva migrans (VLM) is caused by the larvae of parasitic roundworms, primarily from the genera Toxocara. The main causes include:

1. Exposure to Toxocara larvae: The most common cause is infection with larvae from the Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) or Toxocara cati (cat roundworm). These larvae can be present in soil or sand contaminated with the feces of infected animals.
2. Ingestion of contaminated soil or food: Humans can become infected by accidentally ingesting soil, sand, or unwashed vegetables that are contaminated with the eggs of these parasites.
3. Direct contact with infected animals: Handling or coming into contact with the feces of infected dogs or cats can lead to the ingestion of Toxocara eggs.
4. Improper hygiene: Lack of proper handwashing after contact with soil or animals can contribute to the risk of infection.

The larvae of these roundworms can migrate through various organs in the human body, including the liver, lungs, and eyes, leading to the symptoms associated with visceral larva migrans.

What is the treatment for visceral larva migrans?

The treatment for visceral larva migrans (VLM) generally includes:

1. Antiparasitic Medications: The primary treatment involves antiparasitic drugs to kill the larvae. Commonly used medications include albendazole or mebendazole. These drugs are effective in targeting the larvae and reducing the infection.
2. Corticosteroids: In cases where there is significant inflammation or organ damage, corticosteroids such as prednisone may be prescribed to reduce inflammation and manage symptoms.
3. Symptomatic Treatment: Managing symptoms like fever, cough, or abdominal pain may involve supportive care and symptomatic medications.
4. Regular Follow-Up: Follow-up with a healthcare provider to monitor the response to treatment and ensure that the infection is resolving.
5. Prevention: Preventive measures include practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands thoroughly after handling soil or animals, and ensuring proper sanitation to avoid reinfection.

Treatment should be tailored to the individual’s specific symptoms and severity of the infection, and it’s important to follow a healthcare provider’s guidance.