Stomach Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

What are the symptoms of stomach cancer?

Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, can present with a range of symptoms. The symptoms may vary depending on the stage and location of the cancer. Common symptoms include:

Abdominal Pain: Persistent pain or discomfort in the abdomen, especially in the upper or middle part.
Nausea and Vomiting: Feeling nauseous or vomiting, which may sometimes include blood.
Indigestion: Persistent indigestion or heartburn that does not improve with usual treatments.
Loss of Appetite: Reduced interest in eating or feeling full after eating only a small amount.
Unexplained Weight Loss: Significant weight loss without a known reason.
Difficulty Swallowing: Trouble swallowing food or a sensation that food is getting stuck in the throat or chest.
Bloody Stools or Vomiting Blood: Presence of blood in stools or vomit, which may appear as dark or black.
Fatigue: Persistent tiredness or weakness that is not relieved by rest.
Swelling or Fluid Accumulation: Swelling in the abdomen or fluid buildup, which can cause a feeling of fullness or bloating.
Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin and eyes, which can occur if the cancer affects the liver or bile ducts.
Anemia: Low red blood cell count, which may cause symptoms like pale skin, weakness, and dizziness.

It’s important to note that these symptoms can also be caused by other conditions, so having one or more of these symptoms does not necessarily mean one has stomach cancer. However, if symptoms persist or worsen, seeking medical evaluation is crucial for accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Early detection and treatment can significantly improve outcomes.

What are the causes of stomach cancer?

Stomach cancer, or gastric cancer, develops due to a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Some known causes and risk factors include:

Helicobacter pylori Infection: Chronic infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori is a major risk factor for stomach cancer, as it can lead to chronic inflammation and changes in the stomach lining.
Smoking: Tobacco use significantly increases the risk of developing stomach cancer.
Diet: A diet high in salted, smoked, or pickled foods and low in fruits and vegetables may increase the risk. Certain dietary patterns, such as high consumption of processed meats and low intake of fresh produce, have been associated with higher risk.
Family History: A family history of stomach cancer or other cancers can increase the risk. Genetic predispositions or inherited conditions, such as hereditary diffuse gastric cancer syndrome, may play a role.
Genetic Mutations: Certain genetic mutations or alterations, such as those found in hereditary cancer syndromes, can increase the risk of stomach cancer.
Age: The risk of stomach cancer increases with age, with the majority of cases occurring in individuals over 60.
Gender: Men are at a higher risk compared to women.
Chronic Gastritis: Long-term inflammation of the stomach lining, often due to chronic Helicobacter pylori infection or autoimmune conditions, can increase the risk.
Previous Stomach Surgery: Individuals who have had surgery for conditions like stomach ulcers or other stomach issues may have an increased risk.
Obesity: Being overweight or obese has been linked to a higher risk of stomach cancer, particularly in the upper part of the stomach.
Exposure to Certain Chemicals: Occupational exposure to certain chemicals, such as those used in the rubber and coal industries, has been associated with an increased risk.
Alcohol Consumption: Heavy alcohol use can increase the risk of stomach cancer.

Managing these risk factors, where possible, can help reduce the risk of developing stomach cancer. Regular check-ups and screening may be recommended for individuals with higher risk factors.

What is the treatment for stomach cancer?

The treatment for stomach cancer is tailored to the cancer’s stage, location, and the patient’s overall health. Surgery is often the main approach, aiming to remove the cancerous tissue. Depending on the extent of the disease, this could involve removing part of the stomach (partial gastrectomy) or the entire stomach (total gastrectomy), along with nearby lymph nodes if necessary.

Chemotherapy is commonly used to target cancer cells. It may be administered before surgery to shrink the tumor, after surgery to eliminate any remaining cells, or as a primary treatment for advanced stages to manage symptoms and control cancer spread. Radiation therapy, which involves using high-energy rays to kill cancer cells, can be employed before or after surgery or for palliative purposes to relieve symptoms in more advanced cases.

Targeted therapy focuses on specific molecules involved in cancer growth and is often combined with chemotherapy for advanced cancers. Immunotherapy, which helps the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells, may also be an option depending on the cancer’s genetic characteristics.

For those with advanced cancer, supportive or palliative care aims to alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life, including pain management and nutritional support. In some early-stage cases, endoscopic treatments might be used to remove tumors or provide palliative care.

An individualized treatment plan is usually developed by a team of healthcare professionals, including oncologists and surgeons, to address each patient’s specific needs and preferences.

What is the survival rate for stomach cancer?

The survival rate for stomach cancer varies based on several factors, including the stage of the cancer at diagnosis, the location and type of the cancer, the patient’s overall health, and the treatment received.

Generally, survival rates are often expressed as a 5-year relative survival rate, which indicates the percentage of people who live at least 5 years after their diagnosis compared to those without the cancer.

Here is a general overview:

Localized Stomach Cancer: When the cancer is confined to the stomach and has not spread to nearby tissues or lymph nodes, the 5-year relative survival rate is higher. It can range from approximately 60% to 70%.
Regional Stomach Cancer: If the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes or tissues but remains within the region of the stomach, the 5-year relative survival rate is lower, generally between 30% and 50%.
Distant Stomach Cancer: For stomach cancer that has spread to distant parts of the body (metastatic cancer), the 5-year relative survival rate is lower, typically around 5% to 10%.

These rates are approximate and can vary based on advancements in treatment and individual patient factors. Early detection and treatment can significantly improve outcomes. For a more accurate prognosis, it’s best to consult with a healthcare provider who can provide information tailored to an individual’s specific situation.

What foods should I eat to avoid stomach cancer?

To reduce the risk of stomach cancer, it’s important to focus on foods that promote a healthy digestive system, reduce inflammation, and provide essential nutrients. A balanced diet rich in whole, unprocessed foods can help lower the risk. Here are some foods and dietary tips to consider:

Foods That May Help Prevent Stomach Cancer:

Fruits and Vegetables:
Cruciferous Vegetables: Broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, and Brussels sprouts contain compounds like sulforaphane that may help prevent stomach cancer.
Leafy Greens: Spinach, kale, and other dark leafy greens are rich in antioxidants like lutein and zeaxanthin, which support cellular health.
Citrus Fruits: Oranges, lemons, and grapefruits are high in vitamin C, which may help protect the stomach lining from damage.
Berries: Strawberries, blueberries, and raspberries are packed with antioxidants that may reduce cancer risk.
Whole Grains:
Brown Rice: A good source of fiber and nutrients, whole grains like brown rice, quinoa, and oats support gut health and help reduce the risk of stomach cancer.
Barley: Contains fiber and antioxidants, helping reduce cancer risk.
Legumes:
Beans, lentils, and peas are rich in fiber, which supports digestive health and may lower the risk of stomach and other gastrointestinal cancers.
Garlic and Onions:
These foods contain allicin, a compound with potential cancer-fighting properties. Garlic may help reduce the risk of stomach cancer by boosting the immune system and protecting against infections.
Ginger:
Ginger has anti-inflammatory properties and may protect the stomach lining while reducing the risk of chronic inflammation, which is linked to stomach cancer.
Turmeric:
Curcumin, the active compound in turmeric, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects that may help protect against stomach cancer.
Omega-3 Rich Foods:
Fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, and sardines are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which may reduce inflammation and lower cancer risk.
Green Tea:
Green tea contains catechins, powerful antioxidants that may help prevent cancer cells from growing.
Fermented Foods:
Yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut, kimchi, and miso are rich in probiotics, which support gut health and may reduce the risk of Helicobacter pylori infection, a major risk factor for stomach cancer.

Foods and Habits to Avoid or Limit:

Processed Meats:
Limit consumption of processed meats like bacon, sausage, and deli meats, as they are linked to an increased risk of stomach cancer due to their high levels of nitrates and nitrites.
Red Meat:
Reduce intake of red meat, especially if it’s charred or cooked at high temperatures, as this can produce carcinogenic compounds.
Salted and Pickled Foods:
Excessive salt intake and consuming pickled or salted foods can increase the risk of stomach cancer by damaging the stomach lining.
Fried and Smoked Foods:
Fried and smoked foods contain chemicals like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heterocyclic amines (HCAs), which are linked to cancer.
Alcohol:
Limit alcohol consumption, as it can irritate the stomach lining and increase the risk of stomach and other cancers.

Additional Tips:

Quit Smoking: Smoking is a major risk factor for stomach cancer and many other cancers.
Manage Helicobacter Pylori Infections: H. pylori is a bacteria linked to stomach cancer, so managing or treating this infection is crucial for prevention.
Maintain a Healthy Weight: Obesity is a risk factor for stomach cancer, so a healthy diet and regular exercise can help manage weight.

Incorporating these foods into your diet, along with adopting healthy lifestyle habits, can significantly reduce the risk of stomach cancer.